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With a population of 8,, distributed over Located at the southern tip of the state of New York, the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass. New York City is a global cultural , financial, and media center with a significant influence on commerce, entertainment , research, technology, [9] education , politics , tourism , dining , art, fashion , and sports.
New York is the most photographed city in the world. Situated on one of the world's largest natural harbors , with water covering As many as languages are spoken in New York, [15] making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. New York is home to more than 3. If the New York metropolitan area were a sovereign state , it would have the eighth-largest economy in the world. New York is home to the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world. New York City traces its origins to a trading post founded on the southern tip of Manhattan Island by Dutch colonists in approximately The settlement was named New Amsterdam Dutch : Nieuw Amsterdam in and was chartered as a city in New York City was the capital of the United States from until , [21] and has been the largest U.
The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the U. Many districts and monuments in New York City are major landmarks, including three of the world's ten most visited tourist attractions in Times Square is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District , [29] one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections, [28] [30] and a major center of the world's entertainment industry.
The Empire State Building has become the global standard of reference to describe the height and length of other structures. Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the world's leading financial center and the most powerful city in the world, [36] and is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization , the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq.
Their homeland, known as Lenapehoking , included Staten Island , Manhattan, the Bronx , the western portion of Long Island including the areas that would later become the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens , and the Lower Hudson Valley. The first documented visit into New York Harbor by a European was in by Italian Giovanni da Verrazzano , an explorer from Florence in the service of the French crown. Hudson's first mate described the harbor as "a very good Harbour for all windes" and the river as "a mile broad" and "full of fish".
Born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of —14, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. A permanent European presence near New York Harbor began in —making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States [50] —with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island.
It extended from the southern tip of Manhattan to modern day Wall Street , where a foot wooden stockade was built in to protect against Native American and British raids. Following the purchase, New Amsterdam grew slowly. This program had little success. In —, in an effort to bolster economic growth, the Dutch West India Company relinquished its monopoly over the fur trade, leading to growth in the production and trade of food, timber, tobacco, and slaves particularly with the Dutch West Indies.
During his tenure, the population of New Netherland grew from 2, to 8, He instituted regulations on liquor sales, attempted to assert control over the Dutch Reformed Church , and blocked other religious groups including Quakers , Jews , and Lutherans from establishing houses of worship.
In , unable to summon any significant resistance, Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops, led by Colonel Richard Nicolls , without bloodshed. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable population losses for the Lenape between the years and New York grew in importance as a trading port while as a part of the colony of New York in the early s. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banking and shipping industries trading with the American South.
Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the s, during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square , revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the area in the colonial period.
The trial and acquittal in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger , who had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosby , helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October , as the Sons of Liberty , organized in the city, skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there.
The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters. As many as 10, escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in , they transported 3, freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia.
The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin , and British general Lord Howe on September 11, Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church. In , the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital shortly after the war.
New York was the last capital of the U. New York City as the U. Over the course of the nineteenth century, New York City's population grew from 60, to 3. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued; among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School.
New York city's population jumped from , in to , by , 16, of whom were Black. In the 19th century, the city was transformed by both commercial and residential development relating to its status as a national and international trading center , as well as by European immigration, respectively. The completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes.
Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park , which in became the first landscaped park in an American city. The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants; more than , were living in New York by , upwards of a quarter of the city's population.
Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In , Mayor Fernando Wood called upon the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on. The draft riots deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on Black New Yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and Black people for work.
Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground, with more than children escaping harm due to efforts of the New York Police Department , which was mainly made up of Irish immigrants.
The Black population in Manhattan fell below 10, by , which it had last been in The White working class had established dominance. In , the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn until then a separate city , the County of New York which then included parts of the Bronx , the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens.
In , the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River , killing 1, people on board. New York's non-White population was 36, in New York became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early s, becoming the first megacity in human history.
Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens and Nassau County as well as similar suburban areas in New Jersey. New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters was completed in , solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.
The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent protests by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, , at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. Dynes , author of the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality , wrote that drag queens were the only "transgender folks around" during the June Stonewall riots. The transgender community in New York City played a significant role in fighting for LGBT equality during the period of the Stonewall riots and thereafter.
In the s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley , emerged in the city's economy. New York City suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, , attacks.
The North Tower became the tallest building ever to be destroyed anywhere then or subsequently. A temporary station was built and opened on November 23, An ,square-foot 74, m 2 permanent rail station designed by Santiago Calatrava , the World Trade Center Transportation Hub , the city's third-largest hub, was completed in The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, , receiving global attention and popularizing the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide.
During the Wisconsin glaciation , 75, to 11, years ago, the New York City area was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 2, feet m in depth.
That action also left bedrock at a relatively shallow depth, providing a solid foundation for most of Manhattan's skyscrapers. The location at the mouth of the Hudson River , which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port. The Harlem River , another tidal strait between the East and Hudson rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx.
The Bronx River , which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County , is the only entirely freshwater river in the city.
The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan , with developments such as Battery Park City in the s and s. The city's total area is New York City is sometimes referred to collectively as the Five Boroughs.
There are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the boroughs, many with a definable history and character. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States Staten Island would be ranked 37th as of ; these same boroughs are coterminous with the four most densely populated counties in the United States: New York Manhattan , Kings Brooklyn , Bronx, and Queens.
Manhattan New York County is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough. It is home to Central Park and most of the city's skyscrapers , and is sometimes locally known as The City. Manhattan is the cultural, administrative, and financial center of New York City and contains the headquarters of many major multinational corporations , the United Nations Headquarters , Wall Street , and a number of important universities.
The borough of Manhattan is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world. Most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island , at the mouth of the Hudson River. Manhattan Island is loosely divided into the Lower , Midtown , and Uptown regions. Harlem was predominantly occupied by Jewish and Italian Americans in the 19th century until the Great Migration. It was the center of the Harlem Renaissance.
The borough of Manhattan also includes a small neighborhood on the mainland, called Marble Hill , which is contiguous with the Bronx. New York City's remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the Outer Boroughs. Brooklyn Kings County , on the western tip of Long Island , is the city's most populous borough.
Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods , and a distinctive architectural heritage. Downtown Brooklyn is the largest central core neighborhood in the Outer Boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island , established in the s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the U.
Queens Queens County , on Long Island north and east of Brooklyn, is geographically the largest borough, the most ethnically diverse county in the United States, [] and the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world.
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